Forward-/Backward-Gradedness and Downgradability of a Knowledge Structure

Description

Checks if a knowledge structure is

• forward- or backward-graded in any item;

• downgradable.

Usage

is.forward.graded(K)

is.backward.graded(K)

is.downgradable(K)

Arguments

K	a state-by-problem indicator matrix representing the knowledge structure. An element is one if the problem is contained in the state, and else zero. K should have non-empty colnames.

Details

A knowledge structure \(K\) is forward-graded in item \(q\), if \(S \cup \{q\}\) is in \(K\) for every state \(S \in K\). A knowledge structure \(K\) is backward-graded in item \(q\), if \(S - \{q\}\) is in \(K\) for every state \(S \in K\). See Spoto, Stefanutti, and Vidotto (2012).

A knowledge structure \(K\) is downgradable, if its inner fringe is empty only for a single state (the empty set). See Doignon and Falmagne (2015).

Value

For forward- and backward-gradedness, a named logical vector with as many elements as columns in K.

For downgradability, a single logical value.

References

Doignon, J.-P., & Falmagne, J.-C. (2015). Knowledge spaces and learning spaces. arXiv. doi:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1511.06757

Spoto, A., Stefanutti, L., & Vidotto, G. (2012). On the unidentifiability of a certain class of skill multi map based probabilistic knowledge structures. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 56(4), 248–255. doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2012.05.001

See Also

blim, jacobian, getKFringe.

Examples

library("pks")

K <- as.binmat(c("0000", "1000", "1100", "1010", "0110", "1110", "1111"))
is.forward.graded(K)                  # forward-graded in a

    a     b     c     d 
 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE 

is.backward.graded(K)                 # not backward-graded in a

    a     b     c     d 
FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE 

is.downgradable(K)                    # not downgradable

[1] FALSE

all(K[, "a"] | getKFringe(K)[, "a"])  # every K or outer fringe contains a

[1] TRUE